Intshayelelo
Kwindawo efunwayo yobunjineli bamandla olwelo, amacandelo aphantsi kodibaniso olukhohlakeleyo lwamandla angaphakathi nangaphandle. Ngelixa iinjineli zichitha ixesha elininzi zibala uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokusebenza, isantya solwelo, kunye namazinga okuhamba, kukho isoyikiso esitshabalalisayo esilinganayo, esingabonakaliyo esisebenza kwisikali se-microscopic: umhlwa. Xa ishiywe ingaqwalaselwanga, ukonakaliswa kweekhemikhali zamalungu esinyithi kunokuguqula inkqubo yobunjineli obuphezulu behydraulic ibe lityala elivuzayo, eliyingozi nelingasebenziyo.
Amalungu entsimbi yekhabhoni esemgangathweni axhomekeke kwizambatho ezingaphezulu, njengedini ezifana ne-zinc plating ukuthintela ukonakaliswa kwendalo. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi koxinzelelo oluqhubekayo lokungcangcazela koomatshini, ukwanda kwe-thermal, kunye ne-abrasive particulate flow, ezi zambatho ekugqibeleni zibhityile, ziqhekeke, okanye zigqabhuke. Nje ukuba intsimbi engaphantsi ibonakale kubumanzi kunye neoksijini, umhlwa ubamba ngesantya esothusayo, usasazeke kuzo zonke iindawo zokutywina kunye nokuhlafuna ngeeprofayili zentambo.
Ukuphelisa obu buthathaka kumthombo wabo, ishishini lanamhlanje liguqukela kwi-metallurgy. Ukukhetha ipremium steel stainless steel hydraulic product-ezifana nehigh{2}}pressure fitting, ivalve yesixhobo, iadaptha, okanye icylinder yendlu{3}}ibonelela ngokhuseleko lwangaphakathi, olusisiseko ngokuchasene nokuthotywa. Kodwa le ntsimbi ibalaseleyo imelana njani namandla adityanisiweyo e-oxidation, ukuhlaselwa kweasidi, kunye nokuba sesichengeni samanzi etyuwa? Impendulo ikwintsebenziswano ebangel’ umdla yenzululwazi yezinto eziphathekayo, ubunjineli bemichiza kunye nozinzo lwesakhiwo. Eli nqaku libonelela ngojongo oluphangaleleyo kwiindlela zenzululwazi ezivumela iinxalenye ze-hydraulic steel stainless steel hydraulic ukuba zihlale zinomhlwa ngokupheleleyo{6}ikhululekile kwaye iphilile ngokwesakhiwo kwezona ndawo zingaxoleliyo zehlabathi.
INzululwazi yoMaleko wePassive: Isixhobo esiseMfihlo seNtsimbi
Ukuze uqonde indlela insimbi engenasici ezikhusela ngayo kumhlwa, umntu kufuneka aqale akhulule ingcamango ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo: insimbi engenasici ayikho enye, isinyithi esingenakusebenza njengegolide okanye iplatinam. Yi-alloy esebenzayo kakhulu eyenziwe ngentsimbi, ikhabhoni, kunye noluhlu olubalulekileyo lwezinto ezongeziweyo. Ukukwazi kwayo ukuxhathisa umhlwa sisiphumo sokuqhubekeka, ukulawulwa kakhulu kweekhemikhali reaction yenzeke kumphezulu wayo ongaphandle.
Isithako esisisiseko kule chemistry yokukhusela yichromium. Ukuze ihlelwe njengentsimbi yokwenene engenasici, i-alloy kufuneka iqulethe ubuncinci be-10.5 ekhulwini ye-chromium ngobunzima. Xa i-iron ekrwada isesichengeni sokufuma nomoya, yenza iiron oxide, eyaziwa ngokuba ngumhlwa obomvu. Umhlwa obomvu unesakhiwo sekristale esivulekileyo, esinezimbobo ezithi gqolo zisanda kwaye zigqabhuke kude nentsimbi. Oku kuqhwanyaza kuveza umaleko omtsha wentsimbi ekrwada ngaphantsi, idala ukonakala, ukujiya okuya kuthi ekugqibeleni kunyibilikise icandelo ngokupheleleyo.
I-Chromium iphinda ibhale ngokupheleleyo lo mbhalo wekhemikhali. Xa iiathom zechromium zingene ngaphakathi kwimveliso yehydraulic yentsimbi engenastainless idibana neoksijini yendawo, ziyasabela zenze ifilim ebhityileyo ngokungenakucingeleka, engabonakaliyo yomphezulu eyaziwa ngokuba yichromium oxide. Lo mboniso bhanyabhanya ungqindilili weathom ezimbalwa -ibhityile kangangokuba ukukhanya kudlule ngqo kuyo, nto leyo evumela ukukhazimla kwentsimbi ukuhlala kubonakala ngokugqibeleleyo.
Le filimu yechromium oxide yaziwa njengomaleko wokwenziwa. Ngokungafaniyo nomhlwa obomvu, umaleko owenziweyo uxinene ngendlela emangalisayo, uzinzile kwaye awunamaqhuqhuva ngokupheleleyo. Isebenza njengesixhobo esingenakungeneka, esincinci esithintela ioksijini kunye neemolekyuli zamanzi ukuba zingafikeleli kwiiathom zentsimbi.
Okuchukumisayo ngakumbi, lo maleko wokwenziwa unamandla kwaye{0}}uyaziphilisa. Kwimeko-bume enzima-yomsebenzi osebenza ngoxinzelelo lwehydraulic, izifakelo kunye neevalvu zikrwelwa rhoqo ngobutyobo obuwayo, ukukrwela ngezikrweqe ngexesha lokulungiswa kwentsimi okukrakra, okanye ziphantsi kokhukuliseko lwangaphakathi olusuka{3}}kwisantya esiphezulu sokuqukuqela kwe-oyile. Kwicandelo elicwangcisiweyo eliqhelekileyo, umkrwelo onzulu umele ukwaphulwa okusisigxina kwisikrweqe, okubonisa ukuqala kwangoko komhlwa. Ngentsimbi engatyiwayo, ukuba umaleko wokwenziwa uyakrwelwa ngoomatshini okanye wohlulwe, iiathom zechromium esandula ukuvezwa zisabela ngoko nangoko kunye neoksijini ejikelezileyo ukuze kwakhiwe kwakhona umqobo wechromium oxide ngaphakathi kwemilliseconds. Olu hlaziyo luqhubekayo luqinisekisa ukuba indlela yolwelo ihlala ivaliwe ngokuchasene nohlaselo lokusingqongileyo kubomi bayo bonke bokusebenza.
Iiarhente zokuHlanganisa kunye noKhuseleko lwazo olujolisiweyo
Ngelixa i-chromium ibonelela ngesiseko soyilo lomaleko okwenziwayo, iinkqubo ze-hydraulic zamashishini zihlala zijongana nemekobume yeekhemikhali ezintsonkothileyo ezifuna uqinisekiso olongezelelweyo. Ukuhlangabezana nale mingeni, i-metallurgists yazisa izinto ze-alloying zesibini kwi-crystalline matrix yentsimbi, ukudala amabakala ahlukeneyo alungiselelwe iintlobo ezithile zokumelana nokukhusela.
Idizayini yokuqala enkulu yi-nickel. Kwii-300-series ezithandwayo ze-austenitic stainless steels ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizicelo zamandla ezimanzi, i-nickel iqaliswa ngokugxininiswa ukusuka kwi-8 ukuya kwi-14 ekhulwini. Ukususela kumbono womatshini, i-nickel iguqula i-crystalline structure yentsimbi, iguqule ukusuka kwisakhiwo se-ferritic ukuya kwisakhiwo se-austenitic. Olu tshintsho lwe-metallurgical lwandisa ngokumangalisayo ukuqina kwempembelelo yesinyithi, i-ductility, kunye nokunwebeka kwesakhiwo. Ikwabonelela ngokomelela okubalulekileyo kuxhathiso lwemathiriyeli jikelele kwi-corrosion efanayo, ngakumbi xa ibekwe kwi-acids epholileyo kunye nezisombululo zemichiza yemizi-mveliso.
Nangona kunjalo, eyona ntshatsheli yokwenyani yeemekobume ezigqithisileyo zehydraulic yimolybdenum. Umgangatho we-Stainless Steel okwiBanga lama-304 unika ukhuseleko olugqwesileyo kubumanzi obusisiseko be-atmospheri, kodwa iyasokola xa iphantsi kwee-ion zekloridi ezixinene kakhulu, ezifumaneka ngobuninzi kumanzi olwandle, kumoya wonxweme, kunye{2}}neetyuwa ze-icing zendlela. Iiyoni zekloridi zinobundlongondlongo ngokukodwa; banokungena kwaye banyibilikise umgangatho wechromium oxide passive layer, ubangela ukophuka kwendawo.
Ukuchasana nalo mngcipheko, iBanga le-316 insimbi engenasici iquka ukongezwa kwe-2 ukuya kwi-3 ekhulwini ye-molybdenum. I-Molybdenum isebenza njengesizinzisi sekhemikhali ekujoliswe kuso, inyusa ngokumangalisayo uzinzo lwendawo yefilimu yokwenziwa kwaye iyenze imelane kakhulu nekloridi{4}}ebangelwa ukophuka. Olu hlaziyo lulodwa sisizathu sokuba iBanga lama-316 libe yimfuneko yemathiriyeli esemgangathweni kumaqonga okomba ioli kude nonxweme, iinqanawa zaselwandle, kunye nezityalo zaselunxwemeni zoshishino.
Ekugqibeleni, imveliso yanamhlanje ihlawula ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza kumxholo wekhabhoni. Xa intsimbi engenastainless ifudunyezwa kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo{1}}afana naxa kutshiselwa iflange ephezulu{2}}yoxinzelelo lwehydraulic{3}}into eyaziwa ngokuba yicarbide precipitation ingenzeka. I-Chromium kunye neeathom zekhabhoni zinokubopha kunye ecaleni kwemida yentsimbi, zihlube iindawo ezingqongileyo zechromium ezifunekayo ukugcina umaleko wokwenziwa. Oku kushiya umdibaniso odityanisiweyo usesichengeni kakhulu kukuhlwa okuphakathi kwegranular. Ukuphelisa lo mngcipheko, abavelisi basebenzisa{7}ukwahluka kwekhabhoni esezantsi, okuchazwe njengeBanga 304L okanye 316L. Ngokunqanda umxholo wekhabhoni ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-0.03 yepesenti, imvula ye-carbide ithintelwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuba indawo edibeneyo ihleli njengerusi{12}}ixhathisa njengenxalenye yecandelo.
Ukoyisa iiFom eziKhethekileyo ze-Hydraulic Corrosion
Umhlwa ubonakala ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yamandla elwelo. -Umgangatho ophezulu wemveliso ye-hydraulic yentsimbi engatyiwayo yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuchasana nezi zoyikiso zolwakhiwo zahlukileyo.
I-uniform Corrosion
Umhlwa olinganayo umele ukunaba, nkqu nohlaselo kuwo wonke umphezulu ovelileyo wecandelo lesinyithi, okukhokelela ekucuthekeni kancinci kodonga lwemathiriyeli ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kumgca woxinzelelo oluphezulu{{1}uxinzelelo lwehydraulic, ukucheba eludongeni kuyingozi kakhulu, njengoko kuthoba ngokuthe ngcembe uxinzelelo olukhuselekileyo lombhobho de kubekho ugqabhuko oluyintlekele. Umaleko oqhubekayo wentsimbi engatyiwayo uthintela ukubola okufanayo ngokupheleleyo phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza ezisemgangathweni, ukugcina ubukhulu bodonga lwangaphambili kunye nemida yesakhiwo kuwo wonke umjikelo wobomi wecandelo.
I-Pitting kunye neCrevice Corrosion
Umbhobho kunye nokubola kwemingxuma ziindlela ezihlala kwindawo ephezulu, ezifihlakeleyo zokonakaliswa. Ukugqobhoza kwenzeka xa ukusilela okuncinci, okubekwe kwindawo kwindawo yokwaleka okukhuselayo kuvumela umngxuma wemicroscopic ukuba ujule kudonga lwentsimbi, ofihliweyo ekuhlolweni okubonakalayo. Ukonakala kweCrevice kwenzeka kwiindawo ezivaleleke ngokuqinileyo apho ulwelo lunokuthi ngxi, olufana ne-micro{2}}izithuba phakathi kweeprofayile zemisonto yokukhwelana okanye ngaphantsi kwetywina le-flange.
Njengoko ulwelo olumileyo lusiya lusiba yioksijini{0}}iphelelwa, imichiza yayo iyatshintsha, ijike ibe neasidi kakhulu kwaye ihlafuna ngokukhawuleza kwiintsimbi eziqhelekileyo. Ukongezwa kwe-molybdenum kwiBanga lama-316 insimbi engenasici izinzisa umaleko wokwenziwa ngaphakathi kwezi ndawo zeoksijini{3}}eziphelileyo, zithintela ukuqaliswa kwayo yomibini imingxunya kunye nokusilela kwemingxuma.
I-Galvanic Corrosion
Ukonakala kwe-galvanic kwenzeka xa iintsimbi ezimbini ezingafaniyo ngokwe-electrochemically zidibana ngokwasemzimbeni phambi kwe-electrolyte, njengokufuma okanye ukufuma kwe-ambient. Kule meko, umsinga wombane omncinci uhamba phakathi kwesinyithi, ubangela ukuba isinyithi esingenabunewunewu (i-anode) sidle ngesantya esikhawulezayo, ngelixa isinyithi esibalaseleyo (i-cathode) sihlala sikhuselekile.
Ngenxa yokuba intsimbi engatyiwayo ihlala phezulu kwi-galvanic noble scale, ixhathisa kakhulu ekungcolisweni zizinyithi ezingabamelwane. Nangona kunjalo, iinjineli kufuneka zilumke: ukuba isifakelo sentsimbi esingenasici sijijwa ngokuthe ngqo kwibhloko ethambileyo ye-aluminiyam kwindawo emanzi, i-aluminiyam iya kusebenza njenge-anode yombingelelo kwaye iqhekeke ngokukhawuleza. Ukulawula oku, uyilo olululo lwenkqubo lubandakanya iintsimbi ezihambelanayo kwinkqubo yonke okanye ukusebenzisa -izithintelo zokwahlukanisa ezingezizo ukophula umbane.
Imiba yokusiNgqongileyo: Apho uKhuseleko lweNsimbi eNgatyiwa lubaluleke kakhulu
Ukomelela okugqwesileyo kweekhemikhali kwentsimbi engatyiwayo kwenza kube lolona khetho lubalulekileyo kumacandelo amaninzi asebenzayo.
Kubunjineli baselwandle nangaphandle konxweme, iinkqubo zamanzi aphantsi komhlaba zisoloko zibethwa ngamaza, isitshizi setyuwa, kunye nenkungu eshinyeneyo, efumileyo. Ii-ion zekloridi ezikhoyo kumanzi etyuwa ziya kuhluba ngokukhawuleza i-zinc plating kumalungu aqhelekileyo e-carbon steel, okukhokelela ekwakhekeni komhlwa okutshabalalisayo kwisithuba seeveki. Amacandelo ensimbi engenastainless anyamezela ezi meko zaselwandle amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokuphulukana nentembeko yesakhiwo, ukukhusela izixhobo zokuqhuba ezibaluleke kakhulu, ii-cranes zedekhi, kunye neevalvu zangaphantsi kolwandle ukusuka ekungaphumeleni kwentsimi okungalindelekanga.
Ngokufanayo, amaziko okulungisa imichiza kunye nepetrochemical anika umxube onetyhefu kakhulu yeengozi ezingqongileyo. Imigca ye-hydraulic ehamba kufuphi ne-processing vats inokuthi ibe sesichengeni kumphunga omuncu ophuma emoyeni, iikhompawundi zesulphur ezibangela ukuguquguquka, kunye nezinyibilikisi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo. Iintsimbi eziqhelekileyo ezicwecwe zinciphisa ngokukhawuleza phantsi kolu hlaselo lweekhemikhali. Intsimbi estainless ayisebenzi ngokwekhemikhali kuluhlu olukhulu lweekhompawundi zemizi-mveliso, eyivumela ukuba igcine umphezulu osulungekileyo, ongenasiphako nangona uhlala, utyhileka ngokuthe ngqo kwikhemikhali.
Okokugqibela, kufuneka sijonge kwiimfuno ezingqongqo zokuhlanjwa okucocekileyo kukutya, isiselo, kunye namashishini amayeza. Kula macandelo, oomatshini kufuneka batshizwe rhoqo{1}ngoxinzelelo lomphunga kunye nezicoci ezinoburhalarhume zokucoca ezineklorini okanye isoda yecaustic ukuphelisa ukukhula kwebhaktiriya. Amacandelo ensimbi yekhabhoni acwengiwe ayinakuphila kwezi nkqubo zococeko eziqhubekayo ngaphandle kokugqabhuka okanye ukurusa, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko omkhulu wokungcoliseka komzimba kunye neekhemikhali kumgca wemveliso. Intsimbi engatyiwayo inomphezulu ogudileyo, {4}ongekho rhabaxa nokwaziyo ukuxhathisa ukuncamathela kwebhayoloji kwaye imelana nogutyulo olungqongqo ngaphandle kokuthoba isidima okanye ukukhupha inkunkuma.
Ukugcina i-Anti{0}}Imfezeko eNyolisayo: UkuFakelo kunye noLondolozo lweZenzo ezilungileyo
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso ye-hydraulic yensimbi engenastainless ihambisa ubuninzi bayo bokuchasana ne-corrosion, iindlela ezithile zofakelo kunye nokugcinwa kwazo kufuneka zilandelwe ngononophelo ngamagcisa asentsimini.
Inkqubo yokuqala ebalulekileyo yaziwa ngokuba yi-passivation. Xa ukufakwa kwensimbi engenasici kumatshini, intambo, okanye isitampu ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemveliso, iincinci ezincinci zentsimbi zamahhala ezivela kwizixhobo zokusika zinokufakwa kwindawo yentsimbi. Ukuba ishiywe ingaphathwanga, ezi ngqungquthela zentsimbi zangaphandle ziya kuhlwa kwintsimi, zenze imbonakalo ekhohlisayo yokungaphumeleli kwecandelo kunye nokukwazi ukuphazamisa umaleko ongaphantsi.
Ukuthintela oku, amacandelo agqityiweyo afumana unyango lwe-chemical passivation, olubandakanya ukuhlamba emanzini kwisisombululo se-nitric okanye i-citric acid. Le bhafu yeasidi inyibilika ngokukhethekayo naziphi na izingcolisi zentsimbi ngaphandle kokuhlasela intsimbi engatyiwa, ishiya ngasemva icwecwe, ichromium -indawo etyebileyo eyenza ngokukhawuleza ukuyilwa kwefilimu ekhuselayo yokwenziwa.
Ngaphaya koko, amagcisa angaphandle kufuneka alumke kakhulu ukunqanda{0}}ungcoliseko ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwenkqubo. Ukuba igcisa lisebenzisa ibhrashi yocingo yentsimbi eqhelekileyo ukucoca imisonto yevalvu yentsimbi engenastainless, okanye iphathe amacandelo ngezixhobo zentsimbi enomhlwa, amasuntswana entsimbi yekhabhoni aya kukhutshelwa kumphezulu ongenakutyiwa, kuqaliswe imimandla yerusa yendawo. Izixhobo ezizinikezele zensimbi ezingenasici kunye neendlela zokuphatha ezicocekileyo ziyimfuneko ekugcineni ukucoceka kwezinto eziphathekayo.
Ekugqibeleni, amagcisa kufuneka alawule umngcipheko wokugalela intambo ngexesha lofakelo. Ngenxa yokuba iintsimbi ze-austenitic stainless zithambile kwaye zine-ductile kakhulu, ukukhuhlana okuveliswa xa kuqiniswa imisonto yamadoda nabasetyhini kunye phantsi kwetorque ephezulu kunokuhluba umaleko weoksidi yokwenziwa. Ngaphandle kwalo maleko, iikristale zentsimbi ekrwada zinokukhuhlana ngokuthe ngqo enye kwenye, zenza ubushushu obugqithisileyo bendawo kwaye ibangele ukuba imisonto igodole{2}}idityaniswe kunye. Emva kokuba igayiwe, ijoyini iba itshixiwe ngokusisigxina kwaye iya kuhluba ngokupheleleyo ukuba inyanzelekile. Ukuphelisa lo mba, amagcisa kufuneka asoloko esebenzisa isithambiso esichaseneyo -nokuthimba okanye{6}}ikhompawundi yomgangatho ophezulu yentambo eyenzelwe ngokukodwa iiassembly zentsimbi, iqinisekisa ukudibana koomatshini kunye nokuvuza ngokupheleleyo{7}}kwetywina lasimahla.
Ukuqukumbela
Ikhono le-stainless steel hydraulic components ukuze lixhathise ngokupheleleyo imikhosi eyonakalisayo ye-rust kunye ne-corrosion ayiyona into yenhlanhla; luloyiso oluthe ngqo lwenzululwazi yezinto ekujoliswe kuzo. Ngokuqulunqa ialloyi kwisiseko esiluqilima sechromium, nickel, kunye nemolybdenum, iimetallurgists zenze imathiriyeli ekwaziyo ukuvelisa eyayo imikroskopu, ukuzincama kwezixhobo zokuziphilisa.
Nokuba bubume obuxineneyo, obungengabo-bubume be-chromium oxide obungaveliyo, ukhuselo ekujoliswe kulo olubonelelwa yi-molybdenum ngokuchasene nomngxuma we-chloride ondlongondlongo, okanye ulwelo olusezantsi{1}} lwekhabhoni oluthintela ukonakaliswa kwe-weld, yonke imiba yemveliso ye-hydraulic yentsimbi eyilelwe ixesha elide{2}.
Ngelixa izixhobo ezizezinye zinokubonelela ngeendleko eziphantsi zokuthenga ekuqaleni, ukuba sesichengeni kwazo okungenakuthintelwa kukuwohloka kwemekobume kusoloko kukhokelela kwixesha lokungasebenzi elingalindelekanga, ukuvuza kwamanzi abiza imali eninzi, kunye neengozi eziphakamileyo zokhuseleko kubasebenzi bolondolozo. Ngokuqonda imigaqo yenzululwazi enzulu emva kolwakhiwo olukhuselayo lwentsimbi engatyiwayo kunye nokuzibophelela kulawulo olululo kunye nofakelo olululo, imizi-mveliso yanamhlanje inokukhusela iinkqubo zamandla olwelo ezihlala zisebenza kakuhle, zicoceke ngokupheleleyo, kwaye zisebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.
